Cavity spot of carrots ‐ an association with soil ammonium

Abstract

Cavity spot incidence on sixteen samples of carrots from four fields was found to be correlated with soil ammonium (r = + .78***) and pH (r = ‐ .63**). The calcium concentration in the carrots related to soil ammonium (r = ‐ .65**), but not to cavity spot incidence. Soil nitrate and ammonium were positively associated with each other (r = + .63**), and their ratio (NH₄/NO₃) was very highly correlated with exchangeable manganese (r = + .93***) suggesting that anaerobicity was present.     

落叶松播种苗使用钼酸铵根外追肥试验报告

通过对落叶松播种苗根外追施钼酸铵液，促进苗高，地径生长，较明显地提高了苗木整体质量，对苗木木质化和提高苗木对不良环境的抵抗力有着积极的促进作用。     

不同氮源对铜绿微囊藻增殖的影响

在实验室条件下,利用单细胞藻一次性培养方法,研究了硝酸氮、铵氮和尿素对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）增殖的影响。结果表明：以硝酸氮作为氮源时,铜绿微囊藻增殖速率优于另外2种氮源条件下的,其最适增殖浓度为1.5～5.0mmol/L。低浓度铵氮（0.5mmol/L）即适宜铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度时会抑制铜绿微囊藻生长。尿素氮浓度0.5～1.5mmol/L时最利于铜绿微囊藻生长。试验结果提示在监测水体氮营养盐时应该包括多种无机氮和有机氮,只测总氮难于准确预测水华。     

Physiological responses of pink abalone Haliotis corrugata (Gray, 1828) exposed to different combinations of temperature and salinity

Physiological responses of pink abalone Haliotis corrugata were determined under different temperature and salinity conditions. Oxygen consumption rate was not affected by temperature and salinity. Ammonium excretion of pink abalone was inversely related to salinity. The O:N ratio indicated that abalone maintained in lower salinities had an interval of 4.9–7.7, which is indicative of a protein‐dominated metabolism, whereas the O:N in 35‰ was 28.8–35.5 for both temperatures, suggesting that carbohydrates were used as energy substrate. Haemolymph osmolality of abalone exposed to 20 and 24 °C was slightly hyperiso‐osmoconformic in salinity ranges of 20–35‰. The results of this study suggested that for optimized culture, pink abalone should be cultivated at 24 °C at a salinity of 35‰.     

铜麦6号苗期耐高铵与耐盐特性的鉴定及TaGS基因的表达模式分析

为鉴定小麦品种铜麦6号的耐高铵及耐盐特性，对铜麦6号、中国春及抗逆性较强的烟农19、三抗10号、矮优王、烟农21、山农25的发芽势和发芽率进行测定，发现铜麦6号的耐铵指数位列第一，耐盐指数位列第二。以中国春为对照品种，在高铵、高盐及其双重胁迫处理下，测定其苗期的叶片鲜重、根鲜重、主根和第一叶叶片长度以及根冠比，发现高铵、高盐及其双重胁迫处理7 d后，铜麦6号的上述指标均不同程度高于中国春(除铜麦6号的根冠比在高盐处理1 d后低于中国春外),说明铜麦6号具有较强的耐高铵和耐高盐特性。进一步采用qRT-PCR检测小麦苗期谷氨酰胺合成酶TaGS基因家族成员(根中TaGS1;1、TaGS1;2和TaGS1;3基因以及叶片中TaGS2基因)的表达模式，发现高铵、高盐及其双重处理均可诱导铜麦6号苗期TaGS基因上调表达，且高盐处理下上调表达更明显，其中除高铵与高盐双重处理7 d后的TaGS1;2基因以及高铵和高盐处理1 d后的TaGS2基因在铜麦6号中的表达量低于中国春外，其他三种处理不同时间点铜麦6号中这两个基因的相对表达量均不同程度高于中国春。这些结果说明，铜麦6号苗期TaGS基因家族与其耐高...     

几种利用乳中尿素氮浓度估测尿氮排泄量模型的评价

本文利用34组国内外报道的荷斯坦牛乳中尿素氮浓度和尿氮排泄量的实测数据，对目前提出的部分利用MUN估测尿氮排泄量的模型进行了比较。结果表明，Zhai（2005）提出的模型[UN（g/d）：10．1×MUN（mg／dL）＋47.3]预测效果较好（P〉0．05）。划分MUN浓度范围分别建立模型可能会提高预测的准确度。此外，根据34组数据做简单回归：UN（g/d）=12．78×MUN（mg/d1）＋28．15（n=34，R2=0．59）。     

不同原料生物炭对铵态氮的吸附性能研究

为探讨不同原料生物炭对铵态氮吸附量及吸附机制,以花生壳、玉米秆、杨木屑和竹屑为原料,在500℃下充N_2保护热解制备生物炭,通过电镜扫面图(SEM)与傅立叶红外光谱图(FTIR)表征NH_4~+-N在生物炭表面的吸附特征,结合批量平衡吸附试验,对比研究不同原料生物炭对NH_4~+-N的吸附性能。结果表明:吸附后生物炭表面附着颗粒或粉末物质,孔隙被填充,表面变得较为平坦。四种生物炭表面分布的-OH、-C=O、-C-O,以及花生壳生物炭与玉米秆生物炭表面的-CH_3、-CH_2、-O-参与了吸附;Langmuir方程可以较好地拟合四种生物炭对NH_4~+-N的等温吸附;吸附均在50 min内达到平衡,伪二级动力学方程均可以较好地描述生物炭对NH_4~+-N的动力学吸附过程;在溶液pH=7.00条件下,初始浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)的体系中,四种生物炭对NH_4~+-N的最大吸附量为9.5~15 mg·g~(-1),吸附能力大小为花生壳生物炭玉米秆生物炭竹屑生物炭杨木屑生物炭。研究表明,生物炭表面含氧官能团对吸附NH_4~+-N起到决定性作用,吸附为单分子层吸附,且由快速反应所控制,四种生物炭中吸附性最好的是花生壳生物炭。     

华北玉米农田大气/植被界面氨气和铵盐动态变化研究

为系统研究大气/植被界面还原性氮(氨气和铵盐,NHx)的动态变化,选择华北典型玉米农田生态系统,于2016年8月和9月开展了2次综合观测实验,同步采集并测量了植被冠层大气中氨气和铵盐浓度(气溶胶和降水)、玉米叶片和土壤中铵盐含量。结果表明:实验期间(玉米抽穗期和花粒期),植被冠层氨气和铵盐浓度的平均值分别为30.6±6.8μg·m~(-3)和5.9±3.3μg·m~(-3),变化范围分别为21.1~37.6μg·m~(-3)和2.1~8.0μg·m~(-3);降水过程造成植被冠层的气溶胶铵盐浓度下降了75%,这一比例(被降水湿清除的效率)显著高于氨气。玉米叶片中铵盐含量从植株顶端到底部呈现下降趋势,变化范围为0.17~0.25 mg·g~(-1)(抽穗期)和0.74~1.20 mg·g~(-1)(花粒期),且呈现随温度升高而升高的日变化特征。抽穗期植株氨气补偿点为1.9±1.4μg·m~(-3),远低于大气氨气浓度31.4±4.8μg·m~(-3);花粒期植株氨气补偿点52.0±30.7μg·m~(-3),高于大气氨气浓度29.3±11.7μg·m~(-3)。8月10—13日玉米抽穗期,大气活性氮通过降水、气体和气溶胶3种途径输入到农田的总量约25 mg N·m~(-2)·d~(-1),是农田土壤和作物可利用氮的重要来源。农田氮管理中需要充分考虑植被与冠层大气氨的交换过程。     

缓释尿素对土壤和玉米植株氮素及干物质和产量的影响

试验在等量普通尿素、磷、钾肥(纯N 60、P_2O_5120、K_2O 90 kg·hm~(-2))作种肥一次性施入玉米种下8 cm基础上,在拔节期前施入不同类型缓释尿素(纯N记160 kg·hm~(-2)),采用随机区组设4个施氮处理:树脂包膜尿素(A);硫包膜尿素(B);植物油包膜尿素(C);普通尿素(CK)。测定玉米整个生育期0～20 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮含量,测定植株不同器官干物质量和氮含量。结果表明缓释尿素可以提高玉米生育后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,与普通尿素相比处理A、B、C灌浆期分别提高硝态氮20.37、29.76、5.18 mg·kg~(-1)和铵态氮8.19、2.31、1.85 mg·kg~(-1),成熟期分别提高硝态氮5.50、5.93、2.04 mg·kg~(-1)和铵态氮7.12、3.39、1.02 mg·kg~(-1);土壤全氮含量灌浆期提高0.22、0.11、0.05 mg·kg~(-1),成熟期提高0.20、0.20、0.01 mg·kg~(-1);与对照相比树脂包膜尿素(A)、硫包膜尿素(B)、植物油包膜尿素(C)干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别提高89.41、60.92、48.97 g·株-1和73.12、51.60、34.84 kg·hm~(-2),成熟期籽粒氮素吸收量提高56.98、43.58、29.36 kg·hm~(-2);缓释尿素处理较普通尿素处理增产2.22%～18.82%。三种缓释尿素处理相比较,树脂包膜尿素施用有效提高了生育后期土壤氮素含量、植株干物质积累、氮素积累和产量,施用效果最佳。     

Impact of foliar nickel application on urease activity,antioxidant metabolism and control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean plants

Nickel (Ni) is a cofactor for urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological impact of Ni on urea, antioxidant metabolism and powdery mildew severity in soybean plants. Seven levels of Ni (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g ha^?1) alone or combined with the fungicides fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin were applied to soybean plants. The total Ni concentration ranged from 3.8 to 38.0 mg kg^?1 in leaves and 3.0 to 18.0 mg kg^?1 in seeds. A strong correlation was observed between Ni concentration in the leaves and seeds, indicating translocation of Ni from leaves to seeds. Application of Ni above 60 g ha^?1 increased lipid peroxidation in the leaf tissues, indicative of oxidative stress. Application of 40 g ha^?1 Ni combined with 300 mL ha^?1 of fungicide reduced powdery mildew severity by up to 99%. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and urease enzyme activity were greatest under these conditions. Urea concentration decreased in response to Ni application. Urease activity in soybean leaves showed a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The leaf Ni concentration showed a positive correlation with the urease and a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The results of this study suggest that urease is a key enzyme regulated by Ni and has a role in host defence against powdery mildew by stimulating antioxidant metabolism in soybean plants.